role of society

             Since the demise of colonialism and the advent of democracy and elected governance, the role of government, or the ruling force, has undergone tremendous change. As humans and society in general tries to move towards a better world, the involvement and responsibilities of governments and administrations throughout the world are getting more diverse and challenging.

          The early times of tribal leaders and early monarchs, the government had a laissez-faire policy meaning that the government and the leading king were principally bestowed a role where in they undertook the duty of only defending their people and lands. However as the times progressed the duties that were to be executed by the governing parties became more and more complicated and difficult with each passing day. The Greek, Roman, Harappan, Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations had governments that had a fantastic system of governance which helped them to cope with all possible problems even in everyday life.

 

 

 

Discuss knowledge gained about past and present

The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science.

Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge"^]) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about nature and the universe. This knowledge is determined through the scientific method by experiments and observations, and may take the form of scientific facts, scientific models, or scientific theories. In an older and closely related meaning, "science" also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. Ever since classical antiquity, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to philosophy. During the middle ages foundations for scientific method were laid in the middle east. In the West during the early modern period the words "science" and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably, and until the 19th century natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a separate branch of philosophy.
In modern usage, "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is also often restricted to those branches of study that seek to explain the phenomena of the material universe. In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world, including physics, chemistry, geology and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the term scientist began to be applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature. However, "science" has also continued to be used in a broad sense to denote reliable and teachable knowledge about a topic, as reflected in modern terms like library science or computer science. This is also reflected in the names of some areas of academic study such as social science and political science.



The role of your mind

Discuss the role of your mind in our country.

The role of our mind in the our country is first  society defined as an organized group of individuals who work together because the common interests, beliefs,  our practices in order to achieve a common goal. It is also embodies a common system or condition in which such groups live together. The functional unit of society is the individual. Man as the “thinking mind”, is basically responsible for the intellectual concern of the society. The logical extension of this concept is that although man lives with other men. To claim that man is absolute, an end to himself and not a means to anything or everyone else is the only logical extension possible to the fact that man’s ultimate function is the function of his mind.  Somehow the impact of science and technology to the society provides better insights and understanding on the process of life.  From the perspective, the meaning of society becomes clear.

Discuss your knowledge gained about the past and the present conditions involving science and technology in the Philippines.

            Life during the industrial revolution –Industrial Revolution caused great changes in the people’s way of life. The first changes appeared locally. Educational and political privileges, which one had belonged largely to the upper class, spread to the growing middle class. The Working Class there was an ideal employer-employee relationships became impossible in the large factories of the industrial revolution. There was maltreatment of workers wherein employers deliberately prescribed low wages and imposed physically strenuous tasks. Many agreed with the English writer Arthur Young, who wrote: "Everyone but idiots knows that the lower class must be kept poor, or they will never be industrious". The Middle and Upper Classes the revolution made available products that provide new comforts and conveniences to those who could afford them. The middle class, who consisted of business and professional people, won political and educational benefits.

            Health Status of the Filipinos the health status of the Filipinos in not only a worthy goal in itself; it is a sound government policy as well. It means people living longer and better from government services like health and education. The health of Filipinos has significantly improved over the last 50 years. However, many challenges still remain for the health sector to affect further health gains.

Posted by:

Dalyn Almiranes

Discuss the role of your mind in our country?

Did you know that positive thinking is one of the most important keys to achieving success?

Positive thoughts change the way our brain is wired. ... I don’t think it matters what culture or country you come from, humans seem to be pretty similar.

Positive thinking sounds useful on the surface. (Most of us would prefer to be positive rather than negative.) But "positive thinking" is also a soft and fluffy term that is easy to dismiss. In the real world, it rarely carries the same weight as words like "work ethic" or "persistence."

I believe in saying that “No man is an island” we need each other in order to live. We should work together to achieve our goal and to have the product of mind. God gave us mind in order us to survive. We can help our society by merging our ideas and work together to achieve our purpose.

Discuss your knowledge gained about the past and present condition involving sciences and technology in the Philippine.

As long as there have been people, there has been technology. On the whole, technology has been a powerful force in the development of civilization, all the more so as its link with science has been forged. Technology is an intrinsic part of a cultural system and it both shapes and reflects the system's values.

In the broadest sense, technology extends our abilities to change the world: to cut, shape, or put together materials; to move things from one place to another; to reach farther with our hands, voices, and senses. We use technology to try to change the world to suit us better. The changes may relate to survival needs such as food, shelter, or defense,    or they may relate to human aspirations such as knowledge, art, or control. But the results of changing the world are often complicated and unpredictable.

Students at this level can become interested in comparing present technology with that of earlier times, as well as the technology in their everyday lives with that of other places in the world. They can imagine what life would be like without certain technology, as well as what new technology the future might hold. Reading about other civilizations or earlier times than their own will illustrate the central role that different technologies play.

Posted by:

Aileen Camilote

"DISCUSS THE ROLE IN YOUR MIND IN THE COUNTRY"?....

                In the book of science and technology, its say that society is defined as an organized grouped of individuals who work together because of common interests, beliefs, or practice in order to achieve a common individual. This means that each individual  people is important and beneficial to create a society. Every people must work or unite in order to achieve a common interest, beliefs and experience to become a society a beneficial society. In the book it also say that  MAN, as the "thinking mind", is basically responsible for the intellectual concerns of the society means that we each individual is needed, important, and responsible to make our own decision even if it is good or bad in our society and community. For me as a part of community consider my self as a dependent man because I am student that cannot afford to walk alone without my parent. I as a student can use my role to be good and responsible child to study hard and follow my parent to become professional someday and it will be my repay for my parents for sacrificing their own life for me to become a good person in the society. Lastly, for man and the society  can be a uniting factor which can eradicate conflict between the individual and the group of men and women which it is lives in the community.
            

"DISCUSS YOUR KNOWLEDGE GAINED ABOUT THE PAST AND PRESENT CONDITIONS INVOLVING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY"?....

In the book, during the industrial revolution caused great changes in people's way of life. Educational and political privilege's, which once had belonged largely to the upper class, spread to the growing middle class. Some workers and employers had to adjust to a new cold and impersonal relationship. Almost workers lived and worked under harsh condition in the expanding industrial cities. In the working class, the workers grave maltreatment wherein employers deliberately prescribed low wages and imposed physical strenuous tasks. Children, many of them under 10 years of age, worked from 10 to 14 hours a day. Most factory workers were desperately poor and were illiterate. Housing in worker's could not keep up with migration of worker's from rural areas. This matter caused severe overcrowding in the people lived in the area. English writer ARTHUR YOUNG wrote that "Everyone but an idiot knows that  the lower class must be kept poor, or they will never be industrious". In this matter, some workers did form trade unions. Many workers also went strike or rioted. In this situation the society is endangered and merely destroyed but in 1769, the parliament passed a law making the destruction of some kinds of machinery punishable by death. Although workers did not share in the prosperity of the industrial revolution, this matter is changed over a mid 1800s. Workers are now guaranteed a good sanitation, benefits and huge wages. This trait,  the population has grew rapidly about 14 million. People in the society had a great progress that can benefit and help in our world.

                            POSTED BY|:
                   KENT DAVE CALLADO




"DISCUSS THE ROLE IN YOUR MIND IN THE COUNTRY"?....

                           In the book of science and technology, it say that the functional unit of society is the individual or man. Man, as the "thinking mind", is basically responsible for the intellectual concerns of the society means that every person has a purpose in their own society and it also important in the making and creation of a society. Man is also described as a physically vulnerable entity because his survival depends on how he or she make practical use of his mind. however, he lives and co-exists with his fellow individuals through merging of their ideas. Through sharing of ideas we people can create and manufacture a beneficial thought that can improve our makings in the society. For me as a part of society, I can give my ideas to improve our governance and discipline other people  that not following the rules in the society. I can give my suggestion and thought that can give our society a beneficial and important duty and responsibility. From the perspective, the meaning of society becomes clear. Society is concerned with any areas where the individual benefits from the knowledge of science and technology. As a result, everyone stands to gain enormously. Man  has access to the wealth of ideas  instigated by men who lived before him and his access to these are legitimate forms of interactions open to man in society.


"DISCUSS YOUR KNOWLEDGE GAINED ABOUT THE PAST AND PRESENT CONDITIONS INVOLVING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY"?....

                     
                             In the book, life during the industrial revolution has changed greatly in peoples lives and the society. The first changes appeared locally. Educational and Political privilege's, which always and belong largely in the upper class people spread to the growing middle class. The working class under the domestic system, was employer and employee had a relationship to cooperate that the employer felt some responsibility for the workers. In matter, there was given a  grave maltreatment of workers wherein employers deliberately prescribed low wages and imposed physically strenuous tasks. Most workers, like other types of workers where desperately  poor and were illiterate. Housing are more unstandardized that result severe overcrowding that caused illness and virus in their community. In this situation, the people had a protest and strike amongst the workers to their employers. The society had great calamity and daggered that people will destroy the community. In this situation, after the midst about 1800s the society change and improve the business in the society. The workers are now free, given more wages, educational attainment, and sanitation to the society. People had become more progressive and beneficial to create a good and important society in the world today.

                             
                            POSTED BY|:
                       MICHAEL TRIVELES

Discuss your knowledge gained about the past and present conditions involving science and technology in the Philippines.

For the past decade, the important is gaining a knowledge and understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of environment and the circumstances and conditions affecting its knowledge gained from the study justify keeping relatively lasting and uninterrupted give us a sense.

    As we move into the new millennium, it is becoming increasingly clear that the biomedical sciences are entering the most exciting phase of their development. Paradoxically, medical practice is also passing through a phase of increasing uncertainty, in both industrial and developing countries. Industrial countries have not been able to solve the problem of the spiralling costs of health care resulting from technological development, public expectations, and in particular the rapidly increasing size of their elderly populations. The people of many developing countries are still living in dire poverty with dysfunctional health care systems and extremely limited access to basic medical care.

Against this complex background, this chapter examines the role of science and technology for disease control in the past and present and assesses the potential of the remarkable developments in the basic biomedical sciences for global health care.

 

Discuss the role of your mind in our country.

            As a student, I have many responsibilities to our society in order to become a good model. The role of students cannot be neglected in building of nation. Students are the future handlers of a nation. What students learn at their educational institutes today will be used and implemented tomorrow for the betterment of the country.

          I wanted to find out more about how this process works and what affects the choices we make. It turns out; there are some really interesting ways our decisions are affected that I never would have guessed. Luckily, we can take action to improve most of these.

Many countries have had a long period of steady growth in female participation in traditionally male fields of study, but this positive trend seems now to have been broken in some countries. It is a paradox that the break is most marked in some of the Nordic countries where gender equity has been a prime educational aim for decades. For example, while the Nordic countries come out on top of all the countries in the world on the Gender Empowerment Measure, an indicator developed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2001), the same countries have very low female participation rates in science and technology related occupations and studies.

-LORAINE FAME


                                                            Role of society

         For me as a part of community consider my self as a dependent man because I am student that cannot afford to walk alone without my parent. I as a student can use my role to be good and responsible child to study hard and follow my parent to become professional someday and it will be my repay for my parents for sacrificing their own life for me to become a good person in the society. Lastly, for man and the society  can be a uniting factor which can eradicate conflict between the individual and the group of men and women which it is lives in the community.



                                Discuss knowledge gained about past and present

 

Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about nature and the universe. This knowledge is determined through the scientific method by experiments and observations, and may take the form of scientific facts, scientific models, or scientific theories. In an older and closely related meaning, "science" also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. Ever since classical antiquity, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to philosophy. During the middle ages foundations for scientific method were laid in the middle east. In the West during the early modern period the words "science" and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably, and until the 19th century natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a separate branch of philosophy.
In modern usage, "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is also often restricted to those branches of study that seek to explain the phenomena of the material universe.

        

                                                                                                                                   POSTED BY:
                                                                                                                              GIBBRIEL CANJA

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering.

Application of Biotechnology

Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses.

A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology; for example:

• Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale." Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.
• Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
• Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micro propagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.
• Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
• White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.

The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied bio technologies is termed as "bioeconomy".

Medicine

In medicine, modern biotechnology finds applications in areas such as pharmaceutical drug discovery and production, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing (or genetic screening).

DNA microarray chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once

Pharmacogenomics (a combination of pharmacology and genomics) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs. It deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup.

Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold symmetry, the zinc ions holding it together, and the histidine residues involved in zinc binding.

Biotechnology has contributed to the discovery and manufacturing of traditional small molecule pharmaceutical drugs as well as drugs that are the product of biotechnology - bio pharmaceutics. Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted into the bacterium Escherichia coli. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle and/or pigs). The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like gene therapy. The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the Human Genome Project) has also dramatically improved our understanding of biology and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased as well.

Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry. In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. As of 2011 several hundred genetic tests were in use. Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by genetic counseling.

Agriculture

Genetically modified crops ("GM crops", or "biotech crops") are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.

Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests,  diseases,  stressful environmental conditions, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide), reduction of spoilage, or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.

Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Between 1996 and 2011, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops had increased by a factor of 94, from 17,000 square kilometers (4,200,000 acres) to 1,600,000 km² (395 million acres).  10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010. As of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395 million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the USA, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain.

Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its Flavr Savr delayed ripening tomato. To date most genetic modification of foods have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil. These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed, although as of November 2013 none are currently on the market.

There is broad scientific consensus that food on the market derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food. GM crops also provide a number of ecological benefits, if not used in excess. However, opponents have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds, including environmental concerns, whether food produced from GM crops is safe, whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.

Industrial biotechnology

Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including industrial fermentation. It includes the practice of using cells such as micro-organisms, or components of cells like enzymes, to generate industrially useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and biofuels. In doing so, biotechnology uses renewable raw materials and may contribute to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a petrochemical-based economy.

DNA CLONING

-is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.

Adult DNA cloning

-involves removing the DNA from an embryo and replacing it with the DNA from an adult animal. Then, the embryo is allowed to develop into a new animal with the same DNA as the donor. It has been used to clone a sheep and other animals. It has not been tried on humans.

Is Adult DNA cloning is Moral?

A subsequent Time/CNN poll, conducted on 2001-FEB found:

90% felt that cloning humans was a bad idea

67% felt that cloning animals, such as sheep, was a bad idea.

45% believe that it will be possible to clone a human within the next ten years.

69% believe that human cloning is against God's will; 23% say that it is not.

We say no to Adult DNA cloning because:

There is no guarantee that the first cloned humans will be normal. The fetus might suffer from some disorder that is not detectable by ultrasound. They may be born disabled. Disorders may materialize later in life. Such problems have been seen in other cloned mammals. There is no reason to assume that they will not happen in humans.

Cells seem to have a defined life span built into them. "Dolly" was created from a cell that was about six years old; this is middle age for a ewe. There were some indications that Dolly's cells were also middle-aged. She was believed to be, in essence, about six years old when she was born. She was expected to live only for five years, which is shorter than the normal life span of 11 years. If this is also true of humans, then cloned people would have a reduced life expectancy. The cloning technique could take many years off their life. [These fears proved to be unfounded. "Dolly" has grown into a comfortable middle age with signs of normal aging for her age.]

Some people have expressed concern about the effects that cloning would have on relationships. For example, a child born from an adult DNA cloning from his father would be, in effect, a delayed twin of one of his parents. That has never happened before and may lead to emotional difficulties.

Most pro-life supporters believe that a fertilized ovum is a full human person. When its nucleus is removed during cloning, that person is, in effect, murdered.

A secondary concern is the whole business of collecting surplus embryos and simply storing them in a deep-freeze as a commodity.

Some claim that cloned humans may be born without souls. They speculate that the soul enters the body when a sperm fertilizes an ovum. Since there is no sperm involved in cloning, perhaps the fetus would develop without a soul. There is no way to know whether a soul is present; it has no weight, it cannot be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or detected in any other way. In fact, many people believe that souls do not exist. Speculation on this topic can never be resolved. Posted by:

Kent Dave Callado Michael Triveles Gibriel Canja Dalyn Almiranes Aileen Camilote Loraine Fame Yuleyonder Cris Tayhopon